Nezami’ s poetry has a great rhetorical value. The poet’ s attention to rhetorical principles and the way of relationship between poet and audience are the most important discourses in Nezami’ s poetry that through the illustration of these discourses we can understand poet’ s ability in his poetical art and his influence on the audience. In Khosro and Shirin versified story the poet has used conversation more than his other works. The audience presence and the poet’ s attention to the audience are completely evident and there is a mutual relationship between the speaker and the listener. Therefore, his poems have many different sentence moods and by analyzing these moods we can perceive their literary and artistic function. One of the sentence syntactic characteristics is “ mood” that has a very important function in rhetorical analyzing literary contexts. The sentence mood indicates the interactive function of language and shows the rate of relationship between author and his audience. Accordingly, the sentence moods are the most effective principles of mobility and polyphony of the context. In declarative sentences the relationship between the author and the audience is one-sided and the sentences have less mobility. However, in interrogative and imperative sentences the audience interacts with the author and this interaction increases the context mobility. In this research the position of sentence mood in Nezami’ s poetry is discussed with emphasis on Khosro and Shirin versified story.

Analyzing of the sentence in Arabic language was always in the focus of attention by Nahwies (Arabic Linguists who are expert in Nahw). And these Linguists have declared a lot about it from past to now. But the point which needs to be considered more subtly, is the Nahwies dissent in determining the position of Conditional mood sentence Compared to the other Arabic sentences. With analyzing the distinguished Nahwies ideas in the course of time, we will understand that they subdivide the Arabic sentences into various forms. However there cannot be found any precise and particular position for conditional mood in their classification. For example some Nahwies believe the conditional sentence as a Fi'lia some other as an Ismia and, finally some as an Insha'ia or Khabaria. This research is aimed to determine an appropriate analytic-descriptive position in Arabic language.Our results indicate that most Nahwies have considered the sentence only superficially rather than semantically, so with this in mind and according to the different structure of conditional mood sentence we can recognize it as an absolutely independent type of sentence in Arabic language.

In this study, the biographies of two mystics from the first section (Junayd of Baghdad and Bayazid Bastami) and two mystics from the second section (Abu al-Hasan Kharaqani and Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr) of the book Tazkirat al-Awliya are examined from a modal perspective. First, modality is analyzed in two categories: indicative and non-indicative. The total frequency of non-indicative moods in all four sections shows no significant difference. This difference can be analyzed in terms of the prose style of Sufism and the intentions of the speaker and author. In the next section, among the non-indicative moods, the frequencies of imperative, interrogative, and conditional moods are examined and compared. From this perspective, there are significant differences between the two mystics in the first section and the two mystics in the second section. Additionally, the two mystics in the first section show complete similarity in their use of different moods, while the two mystics in the second section, besides differing from the first section, also differ from each other, which can be analyzed from discourse and stylistic perspectives. From the viewpoint of power discourse, Abu Sa'id's section most prominently displays the power of the mystic, followed by the sections of Abu al-Hasan, Junayd, and Bayazid. From a stylistic perspective, the differences in modality and other examined elements indicate a distinct style between the first and second sections of the "Tazkirat", supporting the hypothesis that the second section might be a later addition.

Purpose: The language of science is one of the social types of Persian language, which is used by the educated classes in scientific works and contexts. The purpose of this research is to present an overall picture of the syntactic properties of the Persian scientific language. Thus the types of sentences, types of tenses, verb tenses, and syntactic constructions have been identified in the scientific texts, their statistics have been presented, and their content has been analyzed. Method: The research questions were addressed through documentary research method, which is one of the methods categorized into the qualitative approach. To identify the syntactic properties of the language of science, 90 articles in scientific-research publications in two research domains (humanities and basic sciences) and three academic fields (linguistics, geology, and chemistry) were purposefully sampled. These articles are entered into the "QDA Miner Lite" in the form of text, read, and coded. Findings: Around 1390 codes were extracted and analyzed from these works. The findings of the research showed that one of the common syntactic properties of the Persian scientific language was the use of the indicative mood and the simple present, simple past tense, and present perfect. In addition, Persian-speaking researchers (authors) prefer to use simple sentences, and write their works in a passive voice. The indicative mood with 377 codes and the simple present tense with 325 codes were the most frequent themes in the coding process. Therefore, it seems Persian-speaking authors of scientific works have tried to use writing structure which is polite. For example, they prefer to write their works in a passive voice in order to say their thoughts and opinions politely. In addition, probably, Persian-speaking authors are following the writing traditions from past centuries, which is not compatible with recent science communication’s basics. Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to identify the characteristics of the language of science in the Persian language through the empirical data. The findings of this research can be useful for teachers and educational institutions in teaching the language of science. In addition, institutions such as the Academy of Persian Language and Literature can take advantage of these findings in their policies. The findings of this research are also useful in computational linguistics.

Background and Objective: Today, instead of preserving the health and life of people in some health centers, under the pretext of pity, the patients with difficult-to-cure diseases are suggested to accelerate selective death. Euthanasia dates back to ancient Roma and is one of the controversial topics discussed in different legal and jurisprudential aspects in academic circles. With the intent of explaining the jurisprudence sentence for euthanasia, alongside proposing some primary topics, in this article we have tried to introduce a new category based on an effective criterion in the jurisprudence sentence unlike the common categories in scientific circles. Method: This library research is descriptive-analytical for which the articles of years between 1996 and 1997 were studied and reviewed. The procedure was as follows: keywords such as euthanasia, self-killing, retaliation, suicide, self-preservation, and imperative and dispositive rule were searched; then, the Qur`an and the books with jurisprudential and deductive themes such as Fikh va Hoghoogh-e-Tahaffozi by Ayat-Allah Sistani, Vasael Al-Shiea and Mostadrak were used. After analysis, the findings were taught and discussed in 10 sessions of the Hawza classes. All ethical issues were observed in this study and the researchers declared no conflict of interests. Results: The overall eight types of euthanasia and their subcategories are classified into three general major categories: a) Three of them are the case of intentional murdering and imperative rule of prohibition as well as dispositive rule of retaliation. b) One of them is the case of general suicidal that has only imperative prohibition. c) Four of them are the case of general necessity of self-preservation, leaving which has imperative prohibition, and doesn`t have dispositive rule due to self-killing. Conclusion: All of the eight forms of euthanasia are prohibited and we recommend that instead of this, revival be tried. This requires conducting studies to find treatment for difficult-to-cure diseases.

Perhaps, the most appropriate translation proposed for euthanasia is the painless and piteous killing. According to the existence of effective components in committing a crime, it is considered as complicity in murder and the consent of victim does not affect the nature of criminal act and the criminal liability of person depriving the life. One of issues related to this killing which is disagreed is the edict that person who is obliged to save life related to passive type of euthanasia does not perform this killing and there must be difference among its different types and conditions. The primary reasoning of the edicts indicate that duties whether difficulty or not must be done but, according to the rule of negation of difficulty and hardship, obligation to these edicts in cases of hardship is cancelled. The articles of this rule include obligatory duties to disuse. However, from the view of jurists, it is not general that euthanasia corresponds to some juridical sub-principles indicating the permission of suicide in some conditions, although this is criticized and rejected. Two rules of hardship and beneficence are those believed to help prove the hypothesis by attaching to the rule of negation of hardship and difficulty. But, it is clear that it is not so. In feasibility study of this rule with the rule of no harm, they are proved by the murder illegality and the mentioned rules cannot govern the primary reasoning of depriving the life Therefore, euthanasia is not allowed at all.

The contrastive analysis of languages is one the most important for recognizing the coherent templates to train vocabularies, grammar, semantics and pragmatics in different levels. In this regard, the present study investigates the contrastive analysis of Persian and Arabic based on sentence. The authors try to study syntax (sentence) of Persian and Arabic from the views of semantics by descriptive-analytical and contrastive approach. For realizing to syntactical contrastive, a criterion common to both Persian and Arabic was presented studying syntactical issues in three areas including phrases, clauses and sentences. The mentioned criterion is based on semantic. In this way, the changes that were made for transferring the meaning between the two languages were explained to help translators and language learners.

Meaning comes from structure, subtitaion and syntaetic relations espesially syntaetic strategies are effective ways of creating meaning and spreading of it. Because of this,different sentances like emotional, statement, questional imprative make for transfering ideas and it can be investigated pragmatically. meaning in many cases, pragmatics purpose his studing of hidden meanings, the meanings that addressee reach to word situation with discovering of relations.according the pragmatics theory a sentence can has diffrent roles linguistics in diffrent contexts, Which called it semantic - pragmatic role and this point grammer, struction and meaning join and diffrent sentence pragmatig like questional sentenee is debated.Sa’adi shirazi sonnets is brilliant manifestation of language joining in structure and meaning and this purpose appears with use of varied sentens for different intentions.thus, the question for this article is that, what is the scope of use of questional sentence in sa’adi’s sonnets? he mixed his speech with feeling through using of necessity questional sentence, specially unnecessity and by deceraling of this sentences and To eloquence ways, he appeared some purpose like emphasis, disability, blame, pretending ignorance, surprise, encouragement in the most beautiful Structures and by mixing of structural and meaning and language and eloquence elements and deeply increase the influence of speach and creating of literal pleasure and This is one of the secnets of beauty in structure and meaning of sa’adi’s poet and cause of influence and poem spreading of his sonnets.

In this technical paper, the author, who is a professor of linguistics, examines the question of sentence stress in the Persian language in simple sentences. He states at the outset that word stress in Persian usually falls on the last syllable of the word. But not so, the question of sentence stress, which is complicated by a number of factors, such as the intent of the speaker. He then analyses in detail the different elements of the sentence, and points out how these may be stressed depending on the circumstances surrounding the sentence. And he succeeds in formulating a general rule for those sentences in which the predicate consists of more than one group of words. "In these, the sentence stress does not fall on the verb or the verbal core of the verb group. It falls, rather, on the last syllable of the word preceding the verbal core."